Profitability Evaluation of Vehicle-to-Grid-Enabled Frequency Containment Reserve Services into the Business Models of the Core Participants of Electric Vehicle Charging Business Ecosystem

The current paper defines a framework for the introduction of frequency containment reserve (FCR) services, enabled by vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, into business model an entity owning and operating electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure. Moreover, defined can also be extrapolated, with minor adjustments, to models different core participants EV ecosystem. This study investigates financial factors impacted this introduction, eventually evaluating its profitability under given assumptions comparing it traditional unidirectional research shows that offering additional V2G-enabled FCR services potentially more profitable than existing approach if V2G technology reaches maturity phase mass market adoption economies scale.